Passage 1 (كورس الانقلش 134)
Class Offering
English 134
Advanced Technical Writing for the Health Professions
Offered only in the Spring semester,
3 credit hours
Prerequisite
English 133 or permission of the instructor.
Course description: Review of grammar and vocabulary: focus on writing medical English;
not open to first year students
Instructor: Assistant Professor Dr. Roger Brown

Medical students will take this class ……………..

Passage 1 (كورس الانقلش 134)
Class Offering
English 134
Advanced Technical Writing for the Health Professions
Offered only in the Spring semester,
3 credit hours
Prerequisite
English 133 or permission of the instructor.
Course description: Review of grammar and vocabulary: focus on writing medical English;
not open to first year students
Instructor: Assistant Professor Dr. Roger Brown

The passage says that the course will …………….

Passage 2 (الذهب واستخدامه التاريخي كمخزن ثروة )
While gold is used in industry, its main historical use has been as a means of maintaining the value of wealth, usually in the form of jewelry and money. Gold, measured and priced in a troy ounces or grams, has been used as a store of value for at least 5,000 years. About 2,000 years ago, one troy ounce of gold might purchase a high quality, custom-made outfit. Today, the same amount of gold would probably be able to purchase a similar high-quality outfit, plus all of the matching accessories

What does the passage say about the historical use of gold?

Passage 4 ( ماركوبولو والايس كري م )
1) The traveler Marco Polo retuned from his famous expedition to the Far East with fruit-flavored ices. We know from Marco Polo that Asians had been making fruit-flavored ices for thousands of years, long before he reached this part of the world. These delicacies became popular in France in the 1500s, but only among royalty. Over the next few centuries, the process of making them evolved and eventually cream was introduced as an ingredient. By the 1700s, people were enjoying a dessert that was very similar to today's ice cream. It became a treat that could be enjoyed by almost anyone, not just the rich.
2) The first wholesale manufacture of ice cream was in 1851 in Baltimore, Maryland by Jacob Fussel. He had a dairy business that had excess cream which he decided to add to his ice cream. Soon after that, his ice cream outsold all of his other dairy products.
3) The making of ice cream slowly evolved for the next few decades. Manufacturing methods and ingredients improved and refrigeration technology became cheaper and more efficient. By the 1920s, home refrigerators and freezers became more common. This gave the ice cream industry another boost. A problem developed during World War I in the U.S., when most sugar was shipped to Europe and people were therefore only allowed to buy limited amounts of it convinced the government that ice cream was an "essential food". Ice cream factories were given sugar and production continued.
4) Sales increased in the years leading up to World War II before leveling off in the post-war years. The rise of giant supermarkets created a demand for cheaper, 1960s saw a resurgence in "premium" ice cream, while the following decades saw the market fragment into low-fat varieties for the health-conscious. Including frozen yogurt, fruit bars. ice milk, fat-free ice cream, and mass-produced ice cream, but quality suffered. Many researchers stated that 60% of frozen desserts are ice cream.

What is the best title for this passage?

Passage 19 ( الطعام القديم انتشر مجدد ا )
Most old people are very pleased that our traditional foods, which disappeared from our society for some time, are now returning

- Traditional foods are now…………

Passage 18 ( السفن والتحسينات التي ادخلها العرب على صناعته ا )
1) There are few ships as beautiful and graceful as an Arab dhow under full sail. They are sleek, fast, and easy to control with these vessels, Arab sailors maintained extensive trade links in dangerous seas all the way from Africa to China. The great contribution they made to Europe's development was simple-their triangular lateen" sail.
2) In the 15th century, most European ships used only square sails. Because of this they were only able to sail1 effectively when the wind was almost directly behind them. Prince Henry of Portugal borrowed ideas from the Arab dhow and designed ships that used Arab lateen sails on European hulls. With this improvement, European explorers could go farther faster and sail into the wind. Consequently, they became much more effective. Columbus's three ships all used this borrowed technology on their first voyage to America

The author’s purpose in Paragraph 2) is to…………

Passage 18 ( السفن والتحسينات التي ادخلها العرب على صناعته ا )
1) There are few ships as beautiful and graceful as an Arab dhow under full sail. They are sleek, fast, and easy to control with these vessels, Arab sailors maintained extensive trade links in dangerous seas all the way from Africa to China. The great contribution they made to Europe's development was simple-their triangular lateen" sail.
2) In the 15th century, most European ships used only square sails. Because of this they were only able to sail1 effectively when the wind was almost directly behind them. Prince Henry of Portugal borrowed ideas from the Arab dhow and designed ships that used Arab lateen sails on European hulls. With this improvement, European explorers could go farther faster and sail into the wind. Consequently, they became much more effective. Columbus's three ships all used this borrowed technology on their first voyage to America

The phrase this improvement in Paragraph 2), refers to…

Passage 18 ( السفن والتحسينات التي ادخلها العرب على صناعته ا )
1) There are few ships as beautiful and graceful as an Arab dhow under full sail. They are sleek, fast, and easy to control with these vessels, Arab sailors maintained extensive trade links in dangerous seas all the way from Africa to China. The great contribution they made to Europe's development was simple-their triangular lateen" sail.
2) In the 15th century, most European ships used only square sails. Because of this they were only able to sail1 effectively when the wind was almost directly behind them. Prince Henry of Portugal borrowed ideas from the Arab dhow and designed ships that used Arab lateen sails on European hulls. With this improvement, European explorers could go farther faster and sail into the wind. Consequently, they became much more effective. Columbus's three ships all used this borrowed technology on their first voyage to America

The pronoun they in Paragraph 1), refers to……

Passage 17 ( قياس النشاط البركاني وسبب قوة بركا ن 79)
1) Volcanologists constantly monitor any changes in levels of seismic activity on Vesuvius because they know that the increase of activity in the deep reservoir of magma causes both earth tremors and volcanic eruptions. Through measuring seismic activity, these scientists expect to predict an approaching eruption months before it happens.
2) The seismic activity of Mount Vesuvius happens again and again, and the longer the intervals between eruptions, the greater the next explosion will be. The frequent but low-level activity of Vesuvius in recent centuries has relieved the build-up of pressure. The catastrophic magnitude of the eruption of AD 79 was connected with the extended period of inactivity before it.

According to Paragraph 2), why was the eruption in 79AD so severe?

Passage 17 ( قياس النشاط البركاني وسبب قوة بركا ن 79)
1) Volcanologists constantly monitor any changes in levels of seismic activity on Vesuvius because they know that the increase of activity in the deep reservoir of magma causes both earth tremors and volcanic eruptions. Through measuring seismic activity, these scientists expect to predict an approaching eruption months before it happens.
2) The seismic activity of Mount Vesuvius happens again and again, and the longer the intervals between eruptions, the greater the next explosion will be. The frequent but low-level activity of Vesuvius in recent centuries has relieved the build-up of pressure. The catastrophic magnitude of the eruption of AD 79 was connected with the extended period of inactivity before it.

According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is TRUE?

Passage 16 (فاست فوود وضرره وتجربة سالي دافيس على وجبة الأطفال )
1) Fast food restaurants, especially some American chains, One of have become very popular all over the world. the most famous produces a meal especially designed for children called a "Children's Meal." The package contains not only a hamburger and French fries, but also a plastic toy as a prize. Most children beg their parents to take them out for such a treat, preferring it to the more nutritious, if boring, home-cooked meal.
2) What is so special about this fast-food favorite? Well, for one thing, it will last forever, will not rot or mold, and even bacteria will not eat it! It is essentially no different from the plastic toy included with the meal. In April, 2010, New York artist and photographer Sally Davies bought a Children's Meal and left it out on her kitchen shelf to see what would happen to it. She photographed it each week, and by October six months later, it appeared to be exactly the same! The only thing she noted was that the "food" had become as hard as a rock and looked like plastic. Her experiment became famous and is known as "The Children's Meal Art Project."
3) Sally Davies was not the first one to test the durability of a fast-food hamburger. In 2008, a teacher named Karen Hanrahan posted photos on the Internet of a hamburger she purchased at the famous fast-food chain in 1996. After 12 years, the burger looked exactly the same as the day she bought it. The bun was a bit harder, and the burger itself was beginning to crumble, but essentially, it was unchanged. She still keeps this hamburger and shows it to her classes to teach them about the dangers of eating such "non-food". she tells them that this is a chemical food, and there is absolutely no nutrition in it, nothing of value for the health of the human body. stomach. It does nothing more than fill your stomach. It is certainly not a treat," she says.
4) When we read the list of ingredients in all these so-called meals and burgers, we must wonder why there are tens of different chemicals, preservatives artificial flavors and so on along with the potato, meat, cheese and bread ingredients. This American-based fast food chain ships all its food from large central factories to branches throughout the entire world. One of their hamburgers here tastes exactly the same as it does in China and probably lasts just as long as well.

The word essentially in Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to…….

Passage 16 (فاست فوود وضرره وتجربة سالي دافيس على وجبة الأطفال )
1) Fast food restaurants, especially some American chains, One of have become very popular all over the world. the most famous produces a meal especially designed for children called a "Children's Meal." The package contains not only a hamburger and French fries, but also a plastic toy as a prize. Most children beg their parents to take them out for such a treat, preferring it to the more nutritious, if boring, home-cooked meal.
2) What is so special about this fast-food favorite? Well, for one thing, it will last forever, will not rot or mold, and even bacteria will not eat it! It is essentially no different from the plastic toy included with the meal. In April, 2010, New York artist and photographer Sally Davies bought a Children's Meal and left it out on her kitchen shelf to see what would happen to it. She photographed it each week, and by October six months later, it appeared to be exactly the same! The only thing she noted was that the "food" had become as hard as a rock and looked like plastic. Her experiment became famous and is known as "The Children's Meal Art Project."
3) Sally Davies was not the first one to test the durability of a fast-food hamburger. In 2008, a teacher named Karen Hanrahan posted photos on the Internet of a hamburger she purchased at the famous fast-food chain in 1996. After 12 years, the burger looked exactly the same as the day she bought it. The bun was a bit harder, and the burger itself was beginning to crumble, but essentially, it was unchanged. She still keeps this hamburger and shows it to her classes to teach them about the dangers of eating such "non-food". she tells them that this is a chemical food, and there is absolutely no nutrition in it, nothing of value for the health of the human body. stomach. It does nothing more than fill your stomach. It is certainly not a treat," she says.
4) When we read the list of ingredients in all these so-called meals and burgers, we must wonder why there are tens of different chemicals, preservatives artificial flavors and so on along with the potato, meat, cheese and bread ingredients. This American-based fast food chain ships all its food from large central factories to branches throughout the entire world. One of their hamburgers here tastes exactly the same as it does in China and probably lasts just as long as well.

According to Paragraph 2), how long did Sally Davies photograph the same "Children's Meal"?

Passage 16 (فاست فوود وضرره وتجربة سالي دافيس على وجبة الأطفال )
1) Fast food restaurants, especially some American chains, One of have become very popular all over the world. the most famous produces a meal especially designed for children called a "Children's Meal." The package contains not only a hamburger and French fries, but also a plastic toy as a prize. Most children beg their parents to take them out for such a treat, preferring it to the more nutritious, if boring, home-cooked meal.
2) What is so special about this fast-food favorite? Well, for one thing, it will last forever, will not rot or mold, and even bacteria will not eat it! It is essentially no different from the plastic toy included with the meal. In April, 2010, New York artist and photographer Sally Davies bought a Children's Meal and left it out on her kitchen shelf to see what would happen to it. She photographed it each week, and by October six months later, it appeared to be exactly the same! The only thing she noted was that the "food" had become as hard as a rock and looked like plastic. Her experiment became famous and is known as "The Children's Meal Art Project."
3) Sally Davies was not the first one to test the durability of a fast-food hamburger. In 2008, a teacher named Karen Hanrahan posted photos on the Internet of a hamburger she purchased at the famous fast-food chain in 1996. After 12 years, the burger looked exactly the same as the day she bought it. The bun was a bit harder, and the burger itself was beginning to crumble, but essentially, it was unchanged. She still keeps this hamburger and shows it to her classes to teach them about the dangers of eating such "non-food". she tells them that this is a chemical food, and there is absolutely no nutrition in it, nothing of value for the health of the human body. stomach. It does nothing more than fill your stomach. It is certainly not a treat," she says.
4) When we read the list of ingredients in all these so-called meals and burgers, we must wonder why there are tens of different chemicals, preservatives artificial flavors and so on along with the potato, meat, cheese and bread ingredients. This American-based fast food chain ships all its food from large central factories to branches throughout the entire world. One of their hamburgers here tastes exactly the same as it does in China and probably lasts just as long as well.

What the main idea of the passage?

Passage 15 (البيزنس وكيف يخطط لينجح )
1) Around the world, people start millions of new 1) businesses every year and most of them fail in the first year. Lack of proper planning is a common reason for this problem. The fact is, many people simply don't make or follow a good plan, one that takes risks into account, when they start their business. Starting a new business always involves taking risks, but some risks can be avoided. A good business plan shows you and your possible financial backers-that you have thought carefully about potential problems you might face and that you have ways to solve them carefully about potential problems you might face and that you have ways to solve them.
2) Here are some crucial questions a business plan should answer. Start with these, as they are essential to your success. Is there a market for your product? How big is that market? Are people willing to pay a reasonable price for your product? How big an investment will you need to make to start? What will your operating expenses rent, raw materials, labor, taxes, utilities, etc.) be? How might they change? Why will customers choose you over your competitors? Do you have a marketing plan?
3) Next you must ask yourself if the answers you gave to these questions are based on valid research and facts, or as is more usual, are they just guesses and wishful thinking? Guesses are dangerous, but even the best research can be wrong. Things change quickly in the business world. Do you have a "plan B" for unexpected problems? For example, if you need to lower your prices to get more business, will you still be able to make a profit? If sales are lower than you expect, do you have enough money set aside to advertise?
4) If you can't give a good answer to one or more of these questions, your new business can quickly be in big trouble. So anyone who is thinking about starting a new business should create a good business plan. It is the best way to avoid unnecessary problems.

The word crucial in Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to……..

Passage 15 (البيزنس وكيف يخطط لينجح )
1) Around the world, people start millions of new 1) businesses every year and most of them fail in the first year. Lack of proper planning is a common reason for this problem. The fact is, many people simply don't make or follow a good plan, one that takes risks into account, when they start their business. Starting a new business always involves taking risks, but some risks can be avoided. A good business plan shows you and your possible financial backers-that you have thought carefully about potential problems you might face and that you have ways to solve them carefully about potential problems you might face and that you have ways to solve them.
2) Here are some crucial questions a business plan should answer. Start with these, as they are essential to your success. Is there a market for your product? How big is that market? Are people willing to pay a reasonable price for your product? How big an investment will you need to make to start? What will your operating expenses rent, raw materials, labor, taxes, utilities, etc.) be? How might they change? Why will customers choose you over your competitors? Do you have a marketing plan?
3) Next you must ask yourself if the answers you gave to these questions are based on valid research and facts, or as is more usual, are they just guesses and wishful thinking? Guesses are dangerous, but even the best research can be wrong. Things change quickly in the business world. Do you have a "plan B" for unexpected problems? For example, if you need to lower your prices to get more business, will you still be able to make a profit? If sales are lower than you expect, do you have enough money set aside to advertise?
4) If you can't give a good answer to one or more of these questions, your new business can quickly be in big trouble. So anyone who is thinking about starting a new business should create a good business plan. It is the best way to avoid unnecessary problems.

The word risks in Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to………

Passage 15 (البيزنس وكيف يخطط لينجح )
1) Around the world, people start millions of new 1) businesses every year and most of them fail in the first year. Lack of proper planning is a common reason for this problem. The fact is, many people simply don't make or follow a good plan, one that takes risks into account, when they start their business. Starting a new business always involves taking risks, but some risks can be avoided. A good business plan shows you and your possible financial backers-that you have thought carefully about potential problems you might face and that you have ways to solve them carefully about potential problems you might face and that you have ways to solve them.
2) Here are some crucial questions a business plan should answer. Start with these, as they are essential to your success. Is there a market for your product? How big is that market? Are people willing to pay a reasonable price for your product? How big an investment will you need to make to start? What will your operating expenses rent, raw materials, labor, taxes, utilities, etc.) be? How might they change? Why will customers choose you over your competitors? Do you have a marketing plan?
3) Next you must ask yourself if the answers you gave to these questions are based on valid research and facts, or as is more usual, are they just guesses and wishful thinking? Guesses are dangerous, but even the best research can be wrong. Things change quickly in the business world. Do you have a "plan B" for unexpected problems? For example, if you need to lower your prices to get more business, will you still be able to make a profit? If sales are lower than you expect, do you have enough money set aside to advertise?
4) If you can't give a good answer to one or more of these questions, your new business can quickly be in big trouble. So anyone who is thinking about starting a new business should create a good business plan. It is the best way to avoid unnecessary problems.

According to Paragraph 1), what does a good business Plan do…...

Passage 13 (جولييت لو وعبورها الجسر )
Juliette Low, founder of the Girl Scout movement, had a way of motivating others to help her with her goals. One encounter that required her persistence happened while she was walking along a road and came by a stream. The only way to get to the other side of the stream was by a very narrow foot bridge, and Juliette was afraid to walk across it alone. She saw an old man coming down the road and told him to go across the bridge first, while she followed. Although the old man started to protest, her stubborn insistence again worked and he led her across the footbridge. Once they crossed safely, the old man explained to her that he was blind!

The word it in the passage refers to………

Passage 12 (إعادة صياغة الكلام بطريقة مختلفة )
Less is known about the cause of the common cold than about the causes of many more serious diseases.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Passage 11 (هيئة الغذاء والدواء السعودية ومسؤوليتها عن البضائع المحلية والمستوردة )
The Saudi Food and Drug Authority SFDA) was established under the Council of Ministers in 2004, as an independent body corporate that directly reports to The President of Council of Ministers. The Authority's objective is to regulate, oversee, and control food, drugs, medical devices, as well as to set their mandatory standard specifications, whether they are imported or locally manufactured.

You can understand from the passage that the SFDA deals with goods that are……

Passage 10 ( الخل )
I'm sure you've eaten vinegar on your salad or perhaps used it as a dip for bread, but have you ever wiped it on your underarms or used it to clean a toilet seat? If not, you should give it a try! `Vinegar is most commonly used as a food condiment, but it has far more uses than just that. Because it is safe, natural, and eco-friendly, it makes a great alternative for chemical-laden cleaning and sanitizing products. In addition to being able to dissolve mineral deposits on steel, and other surfaces, vinegar is also effective at killing mold and bacteria.

At the beginning of the passage, the author assumes that the reader has used vinegar

Passage 9 ( جزيرة موريشيوس ومن اكتشفه ا )
In the Alberto Cantino map of 1502, the Arab name of Mauritius Island appeared as Dina Arobi. Historians claim that the Arabs communicated this name to the Portuguese, and based on this fact they concluded that the former had already discovered Mauritius by that time

The word the former in the passage refer to………….

Passage 8 (قطعة صغيرة عن تطور صناعة الورق بين الصين واليابان )
Not long after paper was invented in China in the first century C.E., the art of folding paper emerged. Paper spread to Japan by the sixth century where the rich, who were able to buy the little paper that was available and had the leisure time to practice, developed origami Japanese for folding, "ori," and paper, "kami").

The word leisure in the passage is closest in meaning to….

Passage 7 ( البروفيسور الذي يعمل لساعات طويل ة )
Daniel Smith is an old-fashioned and hard-working professor of Linguistics. He is not quite popular among his students because he foolishly expects everyone else to work the long hours that he does.

Who works long hours?

Passage 6 بيتر وغرفته الفندقية الجيدة واعجابه بطعام الفندق
My room was large and clean with a big bed. It also had a great view of the sea and the beach from the window. The location was great, too-right on the beach. It was 10 minutes on foot from the city center, so I didn't need to drive or take a taxi to get there. All of the staff members were also polite and helpful. But the best part was the breakfasts which included different breads, cheeses, jams, yogurt and fruits. Fantastic! I ate something different every day. There were two things I did not like: the swimming pool was too small for swimming, and the Internet was too slow to watch videos. However, I'll be visiting again. Peter from Australia).

The word location in the passage is closest in meaning to………..

Passage 6 بيتر وغرفته الفندقية الجيدة واعجابه بطعام الفندق
My room was large and clean with a big bed. It also had a great view of the sea and the beach from the window. The location was great, too-right on the beach. It was 10 minutes on foot from the city center, so I didn't need to drive or take a taxi to get there. All of the staff members were also polite and helpful. But the best part was the breakfasts which included different breads, cheeses, jams, yogurt and fruits. Fantastic! I ate something different every day. There were two things I did not like: the swimming pool was too small for swimming, and the Internet was too slow to watch videos. However, I'll be visiting again. Peter from Australia).

According to the passage, Peter………

Passage 5 (تأثير الأعاصير الاستوائية والتوازن البيئي )
Although their effects on human populations are devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes, which makes them an important part of the mechanism. As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth's troposphere, and to maintain a relatively stable and warm temperature worldwide

The word equilibrium in the passage is closest in meaning to……………

Passage 5 (تأثير الأعاصير الاستوائية والتوازن البيئي )
Although their effects on human populations are devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes, which makes them an important part of the mechanism. As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth's troposphere, and to maintain a relatively stable and warm temperature worldwide

The word their in the passage refers to……

Passage 4 ( ماركوبولو والايس كريم )
1) The traveler Marco Polo retuned from his famous expedition to the Far East with fruit-flavored ices. We know from Marco Polo that Asians had been making fruit-flavored ices for thousands of years, long before he reached this part of the world. These delicacies became popular in France in the 1500s, but only among royalty. Over the next few centuries, the process of making them evolved and eventually cream was introduced as an ingredient. By the 1700s, people were enjoying a dessert that was very similar to today's ice cream. It became a treat that could be enjoyed by almost anyone, not just the rich.
2) The first wholesale manufacture of ice cream was in 1851 in Baltimore, Maryland by Jacob Fussel. He had a dairy business that had excess cream which he decided to add to his ice cream. Soon after that, his ice cream outsold all of his other dairy products.
3) The making of ice cream slowly evolved for the next few decades. Manufacturing methods and ingredients improved and refrigeration technology became cheaper and more efficient. By the 1920s, home refrigerators and freezers became more common. This gave the ice cream industry another boost. A problem developed during World War I in the U.S., when most sugar was shipped to Europe and people were therefore only allowed to buy limited amounts of it convinced the government that ice cream was an "essential food". Ice cream factories were given sugar and production continued.
4) Sales increased in the years leading up to World War II before leveling off in the post-war years. The rise of giant supermarkets created a demand for cheaper, 1960s saw a resurgence in "premium" ice cream, while the following decades saw the market fragment into low-fat varieties for the health-conscious. Including frozen yogurt, fruit bars. ice milk, fat-free ice cream, and mass-produced ice cream, but quality suffered. Many researchers stated that 60% of frozen desserts are ice cream.

According to Paragraph 1), fruit flavored ices were first made by…..

Passage 4 ( ماركوبولو والايس كريم )
1) The traveler Marco Polo retuned from his famous expedition to the Far East with fruit-flavored ices. We know from Marco Polo that Asians had been making fruit-flavored ices for thousands of years, long before he reached this part of the world. These delicacies became popular in France in the 1500s, but only among royalty. Over the next few centuries, the process of making them evolved and eventually cream was introduced as an ingredient. By the 1700s, people were enjoying a dessert that was very similar to today's ice cream. It became a treat that could be enjoyed by almost anyone, not just the rich.
2) The first wholesale manufacture of ice cream was in 1851 in Baltimore, Maryland by Jacob Fussel. He had a dairy business that had excess cream which he decided to add to his ice cream. Soon after that, his ice cream outsold all of his other dairy products.
3) The making of ice cream slowly evolved for the next few decades. Manufacturing methods and ingredients improved and refrigeration technology became cheaper and more efficient. By the 1920s, home refrigerators and freezers became more common. This gave the ice cream industry another boost. A problem developed during World War I in the U.S., when most sugar was shipped to Europe and people were therefore only allowed to buy limited amounts of it convinced the government that ice cream was an "essential food". Ice cream factories were given sugar and production continued.
4) Sales increased in the years leading up to World War II before leveling off in the post-war years. The rise of giant supermarkets created a demand for cheaper, 1960s saw a resurgence in "premium" ice cream, while the following decades saw the market fragment into low-fat varieties for the health-conscious. Including frozen yogurt, fruit bars. ice milk, fat-free ice cream, and mass-produced ice cream, but quality suffered. Many researchers stated that 60% of frozen desserts are ice cream.

The word expedition in Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to……